A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Kulkarni, Kishore G.
- Short Comparison of Trade Policies in Thailand, Myanmar and Laos
Authors
1 Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, 2201 South Gaylord Street, Denver, CO 80208, US
2 Distinguished Professor of Economics, Chief Editor, International Review of Business and Economics, Campus Box 77, P. O. Box 173362, College of Business, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80217-3362, US
Source
SAMVAD: International Journal of Management, Vol 22, No 0 (2021), Pagination: 1-6Abstract
Many individuals remember the Golden Triangle as the drug trafficking center of the World. However, Thailand, Myanmar and Laos have each taken contrasting paths of economic development. The paper aims to explore the countries’ varying approaches to tariff policy and its effects on the economy. The first part of the paper describes some of the important theoretical perspectives to international trade such as comparative advantage, the Heckscher-Olin theorem and the gravity model, before discussing tariffs and other obstructions to free trade. The next part of the paper delves deeper into the tariff policies of the Golden Triangle countries and their effects. Thailand emerges as the most economically successful of the three countries and she has successfully used tariffs to implement more sustainable development. Myanmar still has several tariffs and sanctions, except for when dealing with other ASEAN countries. The instability of the government is a concern for Myanmar if they want to become more successful. The Laotian government has recently cut most tariffs and is starting to see much more development and economic growth as a result. The paper concludes that, free trade is imperative to economic success and free trade is perfectly represented in the differing stages of development that the three counties currently occupy. Hopefully, each can continue to develop and prosper through more liberalization of their economies.Keywords
International Trade Benefits, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Trade PoliciesReferences
- Anguelov, N., & Bryant, K. (2015). Myanmar-20 years of sanctions and their lasting effect. Economic Sanctions vs. Soft Power. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi-org. du.idm.oclc.org/10.1057/9781137523761_3
- Asia News Monitor (2019, Jul 08). Myanmar (Burma): Myanmar’s tariff hikes: Daring but worth the risk. Asia News Monitor Retrieved from https://du.idm.oclc.org/ login?url=https://www-proquest-com.du.idm.oclc.org/ newspapers/myanmar-burma-myanmars-tariff-hikes-dar- ing-worth/docview/2252768762/se-2?accountid=14608
- Bangkok (2019, Jan 28). Laos: Laos cuts import tar- iffs on over 8,000 products from ASEAN. Asia News Monitor Retrieved from https://du.idm.oclc.org/ login?url=https://www-proquest-com.du.idm.oclc.org/n ewspapers/laos-cuts-import-tariffs-on-over-8-000-prod- ucts/docview/2171388041/se-2?accountid=14608
- Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. (2021). Heckscher-Ohlin theory. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica. com/topic/Heckscher-Ohlin-theory
- Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. (2021). Myanmar: Additional Information. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britan- nica.com/place/Myanmar/additional-info#history.
- Herman, N. (2021). Thailand’s Trade Policies: Short Review of Successes and Shortcoming. International Review of Business and Economics Journal, 5(1):23–34. https://doi. org/https://www.irbejournal.com
- Ministry of Finance (2016, Feb 04). Vietnam/Laos: Vietnam to cut tariffs on Laos imports. Asia News Monitor Retrieved from https://du.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www- proquest-com.du.idm.oclc.org/newspapers/vietnam -laos-cut-tariffs-on-imports/docview/1762157224/se- 2?accountid=14608
- OEC. (2019). Laos (LAO) Exports, Imports and Trade Partners. OEC. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ lao#tariffs
- OEC. (2019). Myanmar (MMR) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners. OEC. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ mmr#tariffs
- OEC. (2019). Thailand (THA) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners. OEC. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tha
- Praditsarn, N. (2005). Explaining high tariffs in the devel- oping world: The case of two -tier tariffs in Thailand (Order No. 3171750). Available from ProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (305444773). Retrieved from https://du.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www- proquest-com.du.idm.oclc.org/dissertations-theses/ explaining-high-tariffs-developing-world-case-two/ docview/305444773/se-2?accountid=14608
- Salvatore, D. (2020). International economics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Schmitz, A. (2012). International Trade: Theory and Policy. Public Goods and National Security and the Stolper- Samuelson Theorem.
- Thai News Service Group (2015, Mar 04). Vietnam/Laos: Zero tariffs on 95 percent of goods from Vietnam, Laos. Asia News Monitor Retrieved from https://du.idm.oclc. org/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.du.idm.oclc. org/newspapers/vietnam-laos-zero-tariffs-on-95-percent- goods/docview/1660150806/se-2?accountid=14608
- Tharisung, K. (2020). Economic cost of the feed - in - tariff (FiT) in Thailand. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(4):356–363. https://du.idm. oclc.org/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.du.idm. oclc.org/scholarly-journals/economic-cost-feed-tariff- fit-thailand/docview/2459622143/se-2?accountid=14608 https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9367
- Walter, M. (2016, March 25). Economic Growth and Trade: Laos. U.S. Agency for International Development. https:// www.usaid.gov/laos/economic-growth-and-trade
- Washington, (2020). China removes tariffs on laos, but critics say barriers remain for lao companies. Washington: Federal Information & News Dispatch, LLC. Retrieved from ProQuest Central Retrieved from https://du.idm. oclc.org/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.du.idm. oclc.org/reports/china-removes-tariffs-on-laos-critics-say/ docview/2462121195/se-2?accountid=14608
- NAFTA in Mexico: What Worked? And What Did Not?
Authors
1 Economics Major, Department of Economics, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Campus Box 77, P. O. Box 173362, Denver, CO 80217-3362, US
2 Distinguished Professor of Economics, Chief Editor, International Review of Business and Economics, (www.irbejournal.com), Campus Box 77, P. O. Box 173362, College of Business, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80217-3362, US
Source
SAMVAD: International Journal of Management, Vol 23, No 0 (2021), Pagination: 1-7Abstract
Mexico joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1986 and less than a decade later joined the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States and Canada in 1994. Before these trade liberalizing moves, Mexico had hit a few bumps in the road when it came to stimulating economic growth. Unfortunately, the post NAFTA world and especially the COVID-19 world have only left more bruises on Mexico’s economy. Most economists will agree that the Mexican economy is currently in struggling shape and that some positive effects of NAFTA did not help. The purpose of this paper is to point out the small handful of economic aspects from NAFTA that had a positive effect on Mexican Trade and the Mexican economy. After explaining each aspect of what worked and why it did not last, we will conclude with what we can learn from this and what can be changed looking forward.Keywords
Free Trade, NAFTA Effects, Mexican Economy, Trade Agreements.References
- Condon, B. J. (2018). From NAFTA to USMCA: Two’s Company, Three’s a Crowd. Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 2 (Universidad De Chile). https://doi.org/10.5354/0719- 9368.2018.52140.
- Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). (2014). “Annual real average wages.” “Gini coef- ficient.”
- Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (% of GDP) - Mexico. Data, data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV. WD.GD.ZS?locations=MX.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2016). “World Economic Outlook, October 2016.”
- Moreno-Brid, J.C. et al. (2005). Industrialization and Economic Growth in Mexico after NAFTA: The Road Travelled. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00451.x.
- Kulkarni, K. G., & Schmidt, R. (2014). A partial test of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson Model: US-Mexico Trade Relations and Labor in Mexico. ANVESHAK-International Journal of Management. 3(1):11-13.
- Mexico - Trade Agreements. International Trade Administration | Trade.gov, www.trade.gov/knowledge-product/mexico- trade-agreements.
- Meza, D, & Hernández J. S. (2020). The COVID-19 Crisis and its effects on employment and poverty in Mexico. Revista Internacional De Salarios Digno, 2(3):70–83.
- Naude, Y., & Taylor, J. E. (Author: 2006) The Effects of Nafta and Domestic Reforms in the Agriculture of Mexico: Predictions and Facts. Region Et Developpement, 23, 161–186.
- Pablo, R. N. (2004). Exports, Growth and Employment in Mexico 1978-2000. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(1), 105-124.
- Romero, A. S. (2020). From NAFTA to USMCA Negotiation. Signature of the Agreement and COVID-19 Pandemic. Observatório De Regionalismo (ODR).
- Shyamalendu, S, & Park, H. Y. (2001). Impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the U.S. Trade with Mexico. The International Trade Journal, p. 269–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/088539001753227992.
- Vilarreal, A. M., & Cid, M. (2008). Congressional Research Service, NAFTA, and the Mexican Economy.
- Weisbrot, M, et al. (2017) Mar. Did NAFTA Help Mexico? An Update after 23 Years. Center for Economic and Policy, https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2018.1.12515.
- World Bank. (2004). World Development Indicators. Available online: http://www.publications. worldbank.org/ecom- merce/catalog/product?item_id=631625.
- From Vanilla to Immiserizing Growth, Better Economy and Worse Living Conditions: A Case of Madagascar
Authors
1 Student in International Studies, University of Denver, 2201 Gaylord Street, Denver, CO 80208, US
2 International Review of Business and Economics, Campus Box 77, P. O. Box 173362, College of Business, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80217-3362, US
Source
SAMVAD: International Journal of Management, Vol 24, No 0 (2022), Pagination: 01-08Abstract
This paper aims to explain and test Jagdish Bhagwati’s theory on Immiserizing Growth, focusing on export elasticity of demand. The Immiserizing Growth Hypothesis refers to the phenomenon when a country’s economic growth through international trade harms its citizens’ welfare because its Terms of Trade (TOT) deteriorate from increased exports (Bhagwati, 1958). Since then, other scholars have argued the theory lacks real-world consideration and finds almost no real-world case where the theory holds (Pryor, 2007). The core of Bhagawati's theory is not just the relationship between the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and increase in the poverty rate, but also how the deterioration of TOT and increasing trade cause Immiserizing Growth. How does the elasticity of a country’s export sector affect that country’s TOT? Does Dr. Bhagwati’s causation still stand today? The paper's first section explains Bhagwati’s theory in detail and examines past publications and studies on Immiserizing Growths. Then, the study applies the approach to Madagascar’s economy from 1993 to 2008, excluding fiscal years 2002 and 2003 due to election violence. The case study hopes to establish causality between export supply inelasticity and the occurrence of Immiserizing Growth using empirical data. Lastly, the paper concludes with potential future case study plans and impacts.
Keywords
Country Study: Madagascar, Economic Growth and Terms of Trade, Immiserizing Growth TheoryReferences
- BBC News. (2018). Madagascar profile-Timeline. BBC News. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-africa-13864364.
- Bhagwati, J. (1958). Immiserizing growth: A geometrical note. The Review of Economic Studies, 25(3), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295990.
- Central Intelligence Agency. Madagascar. In The World Factbook-Madagascar. Central Intelligence Agency. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ countries/madagascar/.
- Chang, G. H. (1991). Immiserizing growth in centrally planned economies. Journal of Comparative Economics, 15(4), 711-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(91) 90009-I.
- Chang, G., Yang, S., & Chang, K. (2018). The immiserizing growth during the period of china’s cultural revolution. The Chinese Economy, 51(5), 387-396. https://doi.org/10 .1080/10971475.2018.1479605.
- Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2002). Growth is good for the poor. Journal of Economic Growth (Boston, Mass.), 7(3), 195-225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020139631000.
- Fosu, A. K. (2017). Growth, inequality, and poverty reduction in developing countries: Recent global evidence. Research in Economics, 71(2), 306-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2016.05.005.
- Johnson, H. G. (1967). The possibility of income losses from increased efficiency or factor accumulation in the presence of tariffs. The Economic Journal, 77(305), 151-154. https://doi.org/10.2307/2229373.
- Liu, B., Yeo, S., & Donaldson, J. A. (2019). Exploring the causes of immiserizing growth: a comparison of pathways. In Immiserizing Growth. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832317.003.0005.
- Pryor. (2007). Immiserizing growth as seen by Bhagwati, Samuelson and others. The Journal of Economic Education, 38(2), 208-214. https://doi.org/10.3200/ JECE.38.2.208-214.
- Shaffer, Kanbur, R., & Sandbrook, R. (2019). Immiserizing growth: When growth fails the poor. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832317.001.0001.
- Steavenson, W. (2019). PHOTOS: Vanilla Boom Is Making People Crazy Rich - And Jittery - In Madagascar. NPR. Available from: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/09/15/757899271/photos-vanilla-boom-is-making-people-crazy-richand-jittery-in-madagascar.
- UN Comtrade: International Trade Statistics. Madagascar Trade Data. Retrieved March 3, 2022, Available from: from https://comtrade.un.org/data/.
- WITS Data. Trade Statistics by Country. Retrieved February 28, 2022, Available from: https://wits.worldbank.org/countrystats.aspx?lang=en.
- World Bank. Madagascar | Data. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/country/madagascar